9. Multilateral security-related export controls*
Ian Anthony and Jean Pascal Zanders

In 1997 China became a member of the Zangger Committee, a continuation of the gradual inclusion of China into the multilateral nuclear non-proliferation effort. This is the first time that China has participated in any multilateral export control regime. Turkey became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime. The entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention and continued uncertainty about the status of chemical and biological weapon (CBW) programmes in some countries drew attention to export controls as they apply to goods and technologies that can be used in the production of CBW. Multilateral export controls can create conditions for more effective non-proliferation efforts. In specific cases where actual or alleged proliferation creates a security concern - notably in the Middle East - the triangular relationship of China, Russia and the United States is the main focus of political activity.