• There was no major armed conflict between states in 1995. All 30 major armed conflicts were within states.

• The UNPROFOR debacle in Bosnia and the cash crisis at the United Nations sent peacekeeping into decline. Emphasis at the UN switched to conflict prevention.

• The Dayton peace agreement stopped the fighting in Bosnia abruptly, but numerous pitfalls stand in the way of full implementation of Dayton and the achievement of genuine peace.

• Success and tragedy marked the Middle East peace process. Palestinians gained new rights and responsibilities but Prime Minister Rabin's assassination unsettled Israelis and the region.

• Tension between North and South Korea and between mainland China and Taiwan did not derail their promising economic, political and cultural dialogue.

• The war in Chechnya persisted as the most painful development in Russia. Incoherent peace efforts failed to stop the fighting or to settle Chechnya's future status vis-à-vis the Russian Federation.

• Europe's main security challenge is to revitalize NATO and offer Russia and its western neighbours a new cooperative security arrangement.

Military spending, R&D, arms production and arms trade

• Aggregate world military spending continued to decline in 1995. Many developing countries continued to spend at levels out of proportion to their legitimate security requirements.

• Military R&D spending has decreased by 50-55 per cent since 1987. France, Italy, Sweden and the USA reduced their efforts by 25 per cent or more. Only India, Japan and South Korea increased their spending significantly.

• The production of military equipment is still decreasing in most parts of the world.

• At $22.8 billion (SIPRI trend-indicator value), the volume of the trade in major conventional weapons was unchanged in 1995. The USA remained the largest arms exporter but Russia increased its share of overall deliveries dramatically, from 4 per cent in 1994 to 17 per cent in 1995.

Non-proliferation, export controls, arms control and disarmament

• In a major success for nuclear non-proliferation, the Non-Proliferation Treaty was made permanent. A universal non-proliferation regime appeared to be attainable, but tensions increased over non-compliance and progress towards nuclear disarmament.

• The new Wassenaar Arrangement may become the first forum in which governments coordinate their approaches to the global distribution of conventional military power. Failure to agree specific operating procedures delayed its formal establishment.

• Progress in negotiations on a nuclear test ban made a CTB treaty likely to be concluded in 1996. Progress in nuclear disarmament was mixed: START I cuts in US-Russian nuclear weapons continued but Russian ratification of START II remained uncertain. Pressure grew in the USA to drastically revise or abolish the ABM Treaty.

• The use of the nerve agent sarin in the Tokyo underground system starkly illustrated the need for enhanced national law enforcement and defence measures to make it more difficult for terrorists to manufacture, procure or use chemical or biological weapons or agents.

• The CFE Treaty process for reducing conventional weapons in Europe was completed. Around 50 000 heavy weapons have been cut back by the 30 states parties.

• The Inhumane Weapons Convention Review Conference adopted a Protocol that bans the use of non-detectable anti-personnel mines, but with a grace period which may exceed a decade.

Introduction: towards a pluralistic security system

Part I. Global and regional security and conflicts, 1995

• Chapter 1. Major armed conflicts
  
• Chapter 2. Armed conflict prevention, management and resolution
  
• Chapter 3. The divided nations of China and Korea: discord and dialogue
  
• Chapter 4. The Middle East peace process
  
• Chapter 5. The former Yugoslavia: the war and the peace process
  
• Chapter 6. Conflicts in and around Russia
  
• Chapter 7. Europe: towards new security arrangements

Part II. Military expenditure, R&D, arms production and trade, 1995

• Chapter 8. Military expenditure
  
• Chapter 9. Military research and development
  
• Chapter 10. Arms production
  
• Chapter 11. The trade in major conventional weapons

Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 1995

• Chapter 12. Multilateral military-related export control measures
  
• Chapter 13. The nuclear non-proliferation regime after the NPT Review and Extension Conference
  
• Chapter 14. Nuclear arms control
  
• Chapter 15. Chemical and biological weapon developments and arms control
  
• Chapter 16. Conventional arms control and security cooperation in Europe
  
• Chapter 17. Land-mines and blinding laser weapons: the Inhumane Weapons Convention

Annexes

• Annexe A. Arms control and disarmament agreements
  
• Annexe B. Chronology 1995

Plus tables, figures, maps, data appendices and extensive documentation

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